Curriculum Evaluation Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Curriculum Evaluation - Research Paper Example The curriculum aims to meet their needs, and have notable and measurable outcomes from the program (Keating, 2010). There are different models that nursing educators have designed over time so as to evaluate different curricula used in nursing education. There is the Nightingale Model, the Tyler Model, the Baldridge Evaluation System and the CIPP. This essay examines the Nursing curriculum of the University of Phoenix according to the CIPP model of curriculum evaluation. CIPP model This model is a qualitative method of evaluating curricula. The initials CIPP stand for â€Å"context, inputs, processes, and products.† It uncovers aspects that more contextual approaches have hidden. This is one of the advantages of this method, it brings to light, social processes that influence curriculum implementation, such as power relationships. It also helps the audience to understand the details of the situations. The CIPP model further helps in the development of instruments for quantitat ive evaluation of curricula (Utley, 2011). This model allows for the core components of nursing education to be evaluated at formative and summative levels. The components that are analysed in this case are as given by the initials the model name indicates. The curriculum The curriculum in issue builds up on previous knowledge as the learners are expected to add to their knowledge on several body systems. This knowledge is to be used in training the future nurses how to manage care of complex adult clients. It also aims to explain the role a nurse has to play in the assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation of interventions used. All these processes have to be carried out in line with supporting data. Clinical experiences are also integrated into the learning process. This is to give the learners an opportunity to put into practice the theoretical knowledge gained from the classroom. Findings To evaluate this curriculum using the CIPP model, the components of the model ha ve to be related to the curriculum. It is vital to consider this curriculum as per the components of the model. The context examines the curriculum under two categories. First the fit between the vision of the organization and the program is examined. The ability of the organization to attain the goals and objectives it has in place is considered. All areas of training covered by the curriculum require both theoretical and practical know-how. This is observed in the learning objectives that have been set for each section. The University is well within its capability to attain the set course objectives. For teaching in theory, the university uses electronic resources, books, learning software, and other outlined course materials. Clinical conferencing and other practical activities such as filling in Preparatory Client Care Plan give the learners practical knowledge. Another aspect that helps in this aspect is that the University has set out the goals it wants to accomplish by comple tion of the specified learning period. Planning is vital for the achievement of anything. Inputs evaluation reveals the human and other resources in the institution, and their allocation. It also considers the cost-effectiveness of the curriculum (Young & Paterson, 2006). Curriculum implementation takes place in different modes. The classroom setting requires physical resources in order to create a conducive learning atmosphere. For a classroom to allow for students to learn well, it needs instructors, electricity,

Lord of the Flies by William Golding and The Withered Arm by Thomas Hardy Essay Example for Free

Lord of the Flies by William Golding and The Withered Arm by Thomas Hardy Essay Describe how evil is presented in Lord of the Flies by William Golding and The Withered Arm by Thomas Hardy. Lord of the flies is a story that begins in the after a plane crash in the Pacific Ocean during an unnamed war in which a group of English schoolboys are isolated on what they assume to be an island, under no adult supervision they are left to defend for themselves create their own friendships and fight their own battles. As the story unfolds the boys develop a miniature society in which they try to include rules and order, but, each with their own ideas of right and wrong and sometimes totally different priorities, difficulties inevitably arise, their little community collapses and the boys are thrown into a world of hurt and fear. There were three main characters in this story, which affected the entire group and how they behaved. Jack began as the arrogant and self righteous leader of the tribe. There was Piggy, who in no doubt an intelligent, practical and a sensible thinker. He is the mouthpiece of science and reason on the island, and is a good planner who can think logically and prioritise things which was carefully ordained by Ralph who was an organised person, sensible and had a quite a bit of knowledge on survival. In the story we see the true evil that outcome from these boys. In the following paragraphs I am going to describe the horror that was used by William Golding in his novel Lord of the Flies. The first signs of evil emerging from the boys appeared when Jack and his hunters killed a pig and re-enacted the killing. In the process people were injured and the chanting that became a ritual began at this time. Although Jacks ambition to kill a pig had been fulfilled, he now had a taste of the glory and sense of power. This meant that he was by no means satisfied to have killed one pig, but would instead continue to do so. It is significant that Jack felt it was necessary to kill pigs, seeing that there was a large number of people on the island. It is important to note how much the boys manage to achieve before their inner evil destroy their senses of responsibility and reason, that is, before the boys finally come to savagery and violence. They discover fire, they build shelters, they explore the island, they go on hunting trips, and they delegate social responsibilities. Initially, one would be inclined to think that Jacks leadership is a poor one as he relies on brute strength. However, Jack is clever enough to know that the boys survival is as important as rescue. Food has to be hunted for nutritional needs (which Ralph tries to deny). Are there ghosts, Piggy, or beasts? Ralph seems to depend on Piggy quite a lot like an adult to guide him the way, but the mistake that Ralph does not see is that Piggy is not an adult. This is a clever technique used by Golding as he is building up the tension and the readers will be urged to read on. Another significant event took place during the killing of the pig, the hunters let the fire out, and there was open violence from Jack, when Jack was confronted by Piggy, Jack swung at Piggy and broke one of his lens off his glasses which was an important piece of equipment, as the glasses, meant they could have a fire which enables them to be rescued. This illustrates how Jack was being overcome by his evil inside him. The Lord of the Flies is represented in the form of a pigs head on a stick, which appeared to speak to Simon in the forest, while he was experiencing one of his epileptic fits. Golding uses this to show that the evil on this island has come from within the boys themselves. Simon then climbed the mountain and discovered that the swaying beast was in fact a dead pilot. This is gone far enough. My poor misguided child. Do you think you know better then I do?' Simon thinks of the pigs head (The Lord Of The Flies) as the symbol of their descent from civilized behaviour to animalistic savagery. It is because of the pigs head that Simon realizes that nature can be brutal and horrifying, an idea that clashes with his previous love of nature and the spirituality inbuilt in it. Simon frames nature in terms of its how like Eden it is, but the Lord of the Flies is a challenge of that view. Most importantly of all, Golding reveals that there is indeed a better side to mans nature through his character, Simon. Throughout the novel, Simon is portrayed as a Christ-like figure and a saint. Unfortunately, it was at this point where the evil came out among all of the boys, as Simon was mistaken for the beast and the boys were all overcome by the evil inside them and the ritual begun once again as it did with the pig and Simon was brutally killed in disguise of the beast. In this part of the novel we see that evil has overcome the boys and there is no longer any structure at all left within the boys. Following Simons death it becomes clear that none of the tribe would accept that they had become evil and had just sabotaged a human being, but Ralph on the other hand could see what they had become and confronted Piggy saying that was murder, Piggy knew what had happened but tried to hide it by coming up with lame excuses like it was dark. Ralph had learned from this and controlled the evil inside him. When Piggy got his glasses stole by the other tribe Ralph and Piggy knew that they had lost all their power. So the only way to regain that power would be to get Piggys glasses back. Unfortunately this lead to more hatred when the two tribes started to argue and it was obvious that Jacks tribe had the most power and during this argument Roger decided to push a Rock onto Piggy leaving him dead, which shows that Jacks tribe was just pure evil and had no other thoughts than to kill. Towards the end of the novel Ralph was hunted down like a wild animal and the imagery Golding uses in this final chapter describes a world where insanity and evil rule. It is even possible that the boys now saw Ralph as the beast, which is why they hunted him down. Secondly, although all the boys were hunting Ralph to kill him, most of them probably did not realise what they were doing or why. This is because Jack had influenced their minds and half of them probably saw killing Ralph as a game. In view of the fact that Ralph was being hunted down by everyone on the island, we must accept that he would have been killed had it not been for the arrival of the Navy officer. It must be noted that Golding does not choose to allow Ralph to be killed. This could be because he does not wish to allow evil to win. The real message that Golding is trying to send out is if we have no rules or boundaries then we will behave like animals do so anything can be done, in this case killing has become a hobby. In Lord of the Flies, Golding suggests that once man is freed from social conditioning and obligation, the intrinsic sense of evil will be revealed in him. He destroys the optimistic view of human nature by showing how even the most innocent of all children can deteriorate into primitive savages once freed from the trappings of society. The actual storyline was pretty lame because a bunch of children just happened to crash on an island stranded, they all have a big tribunal war, people die, then the Ralph is in trouble and some navy guy appears and saves Ralph. This story was a bit too predictable, but the descriptive text in this novel is fascinating and keeps you reading. The withered arm is a pre-20th Century, short story. It is full of supernatural elements and coincidences. The story involves the characters Rhoda, a jealous middle-aged woman who has a son by farmer Lodge. Farmer Lodge has just married a young, beautiful woman called Gertrude. Rhoda being a jealous woman unconsciously conjures up an evil incubus. This causes Gertrudes arm to weather, she tries all the cures she knows off, but resorts to using the supernatural to heal it. This leads to a dramatic ending. Right at the beginning of the story we are in suspense because there is much speculation about the new bride. At the beginning of the story it is thought that Rhoda and Gertrude are rivals, as they have both had a relationship with farmer lodge. They occupy traditional roles in the story; Rhoda is the older neglected lover with her looks fading. Gertrude is the young, beautiful blooming new wife. Age, beauty, status and social class divide them. Rhoda is extremely jealous of Gertrude we know this because she sends her son to spy on the new wife: see if she is dark Her jealousy is what leads to the first element of the supernatural, which is her nightmare. Stricken with jealousy, her subconscious thoughts surface in her sleep as she innocently dreams of grabbing Gertrudes arm in a last desperate effort, swung out her right hand, seized the confronting spectre by its obtrusive left arm. Rhodas first reaction to Gertrude is of horror and fear. In her dream, she sees Mrs. Lodge as a figure with features shockingly distorted and wrinkled by old age. Hardy uses simple diction to convey the horror of the nightmare. He also uses emotive language like maddened and mockingly. Rhodas nightmare can be explained as coincidence, as a physical manifestation of the girls unconscious awareness of the situation. Rhodas dream creates suspense and words such as phantom keep it going. The next morning we learn that the dream was real as her son asks: what was that noise in your chimmer, mother last night. Did you fall out of bed around two oclock? The developing relationship between the two women has elements of the macabre. Rhoda often asks to see the wound, and seems fascinated by the clear indication of the marks of four fingers. Gertrude relies on Rhoda for a sympathetic understanding of the growing estrangement between herself and her husband, who knows the disfigurement is there. The choice of the word disfigurement reveals his attitude to appearances. As the arm is getting worst and she has visited a doctor who cannot help her, she becomes increasing desperate for a cure as her husband is starting to love her less. She turns to Rhoda to take her to see Trendle much to her dismay. Rhoda fears for the loss of a good friendship. Trendle is a witch doctor and has powers other people dont, in the story many people believe in him, except Gertrude who says: o, how could my people be so superstitious. She soon changes her mind and goes with Rhoda to visit him this is where it is revealed that Gertrude has an enemy: medicine cant cure it. Is the work of an enemy. Trendle then reveals the face of her attacker to her. Gertrude reacts calmly when she finds out who it is as she says she does not care to speak of it. When she is talking to Rhoda and does not tell her what she saw. After this Rhoda and her son disappeared quietly. Over the next six years, Gertrudes arm continues to wither, and the fact that she had brought no children to her husband made her worry even more that Mr. Lodge would reject her. Mr. Lodge has superficial love for Gertrude which was based on her beauty: the woman whom he had wooed for her beauty. But as her arm is getting worst we see that he starts to disregard her. She starts to age beyond her years: she was now five-and-twenty; but she seemed older. She becomes desperate for a cure and tries all sorts of remedies. This makes us feel sympathetic towards her. As a last resort she visits Tremble and tries to take advantage of his white magic, this leads to fatal results and her superstition, combined with desperation, must be held accountable for this. He tells her she must touch with the limb the neck of a man whos been hanged. As time passed she considers this and wished: o lord, hang some guilty or innocent person soon! This shows how desperate she was becoming. Gertrudes meeting with the hangman reveals her obsession: she has in fact prayed each evening for some guilty or innocent person to be hanged Rhoda and the hangman having a discussion in which she says: o- a reprieve- I hope not! Here she is saying even if the person is innocent she hopes he will not be let off. Through out the story it is full of irony- you have farmer Lodge marrying to have a son, even though he has one which he does not recognise. Hardy chose not to give the illegitimate son a name; this may be because Lodge failed to recognise him, even though he wishes for a son: I once thought of adopting a boy! Gertrude befriends the boy but unknowingly wishes for his death, in which when she finds out the identity of the hanged man she dies from shock. The denouement of the finial gruesome meeting between the two women brings all interaction to an end. The scene is highly dramatic and needs few words. This is where we learn that it is Rhodas son that has been hanged and due to this Gertrudes blood had been turned indeed- too far. In conclusion of both stories I think that Lord of the Flies represents horror in a more sophisticated way than The Withered Arm, saying that Lo-rd of the Flies was written when there was no TV this virtually inserts images into your thoughts, the only thing with Lord of the Flies was the actual storyline as it was too unreal because if there was a plane crashes, normally there is hardly any survivors but in this case, the whole troop survived!! In conclusion the withered arm is an effective story of the supernatural from the point of view from the reader. When it was written as people heavily believed in the supernatural and witchcraft, this is another reason the story is effective. It differs from todays horror stories, as it is not full of blood and guts.

UK Health Policies on Obesity

UK Health Policies on Obesity Social, economic and industrial changes have changed the patterns of life globally. Changes in diet and physical activity patterns have been central to the rise of obesity among many of the worlds population. Obesity was traditionally seen as a disease of high-income countries only, but it is now replacing malnutrition and infectious diseases as a problem transcending social divides. Obesity carries a higher incidence of chronic illness including diabetes, heart disease and cancer. This paper will critically evaluate the current UK and NI policies aimed at addressing the obesity epidemic. There will also be a discussion around definition of policies, role of government in healthcare, previous and current healthcare policies regarding obesity in both Britain and Northern Ireland. The official calculation for defining obesity was set by the World Health Organisation (WHO) where adults are registered overweight and obese using a formula of Body Mass Index or (BMI), that is a persons weight in kilograms divided by the height in metres squared (DWP, 2012). The main restraint with using body mass index as an indicator is that it does not distinguish fat mass from lean mass; so a person could be healthy and have a low body fat, but be clinically overweight if they have a high enough BMI. A person is thought to be overweight if they have a BMI of 25.0 or more and obese if the BMI is 30.0 or more. Obesity has three classifications: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Class 1 BMI 30 to 34.9 (waist perimeter 102cm plus for males and 88cm plus for females). Person is categorised as overweight à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Class 2 BMI 35 to 39.9. Person is classed as obese à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Class 3 BMI 40 and over. Is when a person with a BMI of 40+ is said to be morbidly obese (WHO, 2012). Policy originates from the government that are in power, who are also the legal authority and have a status and guidance over all policy whether they be private or public (Crinson, 2009). According to Crinson 2009 Health policy is hypothesised in terms of macro and micro social developments, with the macro level reading the working of social and formal structures, such as the economic context of the state and the market, and the National Health Service (NHS). The micro side focuses on the influence of policy from the level of the healthcare professionals and the experience of the users (Crinson, 2009). Policy making, according to a White Paper published by the Labour Government in 1999 states that it is a method in which a government interpret their political vision into programmes and actions in order to make changes that are required and wanted by the population (Cabinet Office, 1999). It was also focused on modernising the government schema (Cabinet Office, 1999a) and the need for more inclusive and reactive policys linked to peoples demands. It planned to guarantee that policy making was to become more forward thinking and evidence-based, as well as correctly assessed and based on best practice. It went on to note the need for improved evidence when addressing policy making and to ensure a more joined-up approach across government departments and agencies (Cabinet Office, 1999). According to the World Health Organisation health policy signifies decisions, plans and actions that are started in order to reach detailed health care goals within a society. It goes on to note that and clear and string policy can outline an idea for the future whilst helps to establish objectives and points of orientation. A health policy can also help to design a framework and build agreement in addition to informing people (WHO, 2006). There are three key policies areas within the Department of Health and they are National Health (NH), Public Health (PH), and Social Care (SC) (Kouvonen, 2012). The current theory has two dissimilar backgrounds; the first is a public policy analysis that is favoured by the United States and Northern Ireland. The second is favoured in the United Kingdom and is a social policy theoretical structure (Kouvonen, 2012). Policies are intended to improve on current provisions in health and social care in the UK and aim to guarantee services that are funded or supported by the Department of Health are delivered in an open and patient-centred way (www.dh.gov.uk). This was not always the case, as according to Crinson governments were indifferent to the type of care delivered within the healthcare service; that was the concern of the doctor. This was to change in the 1970s when the economy declined and tax revenue was reduced (Crinson, 2009). The roll of the state in providing health and welfare to the public according to Crinson 2009 takes the view that there are five diverse conceptualisations and they echo differences between political and conceptual actions of the role that the state should play when delivering health and welfare services (Crinson, 2009). The writer goes on to give examples of these conceptualisations one of which is the neoliberal prospective that influenced the change in the health and social welfare policies of the Thatcher Government in the 1980s (Crinson, 2009). In the Political-Economic Critique, according to OConnor et al welfarism serves to build consent for capitalism through the process of dividing the population into groups with specific needs. This he notes had the effect of individualising what are widespread social and health problems associates with living in a capitalists society (Gough, 1979). In a paper by David Berreby in which he asks the question, why do people get fat and risk major health problem?, He believes the answer to this question is capitalism and sites it as the main cause of global obesity (Berreby, 2012). Conversely in a programme series aired on the BBC on the 11th July 2012 the reporter Jacques Peretti reports that our eating habits were changed by a decision made in America 40 years ago. Peretti travelled to America to examine the story of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) a calorie-providing sweetener used to sweeten foods and drinks, chiefly processed and shop-bought foods. The sweetener was backed in America in the 1970s by Richard Nixons farming administrator Earl Butz to use additional corn grown by farmers. Inexpensive and sweeter than sugar, it rapidly found its way into nearly all convenience foods and soft drinks. HFCS is not only sweeter than sugar; it also inhibits leptin, the hormone that controls hunger, resulting in the inability to stop eat ing (BBC, 2012). This was backed up by evidence from Robert Lustrig an endocrinologist, who according to this report, was the first to identify the dangers of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS). His findings however, were discredited at the time. and a US Congress report sited fat, not sugar, for the alarming rise in cardio-vascular illness and the food industry responded with a series of low fat and heart healthy foods in which the fat was removed. (BBC, 2012). Policy makers encouraged farmers to overproduce corn and soy with the promise of foreign trade (Philpott, 2008). It was also in the 1970s that Britains food manufactures used advertising drives to encourage the idea of snacking between meals. A fast food culture also developed and fast food chains offered tempting foods and customers served themselves, and according to Ritzer this was the beginning of McDonaldization of Society. He goes on to write how fast food restaurant contribute to the development of obesity and it emphasis on supersizing its portions (Ritzer, 2004). Conversely poverty increased in the 1970s under Thatcher Government and according to the Institute for Fiscal Studies in 1979 13.40% of people in Britain lived below 60% on median income before housing costs. With this came a big rise in inequality and under the gini score for Britain was up to 0.339 from 0.253 (Crib, et al 2012). Due to the comorbidities associated with obesity and their increasing cost to the NHS, the consequences of obesity are currently and will continue to be important public health challenges globally and in the UK. It impacts through society and across all life courses, and can increase the risk of life threatening disease (Kouvonen, 2012).Appendix 1. Currently there is a framework in Northern Ireland titled A Fitter Future for All, this agenda spans from 2012 to 2022. Within this paper it explains that in Northern Ireland 59% of adults are either overweight (36%) or obese (23%) (DHSSPSNI, 2012). This policy addresses the need to act from childhood based on evidence from the Foresight Report 2007, and is now a cross sectorial cohesive life course agenda that will address obesity over the next 10 years (Foresight Review, 2012). The Department of Health has published a follow-on document to the Public Health White Paper called Healthy lives, healthy people: A call to action on obesity in England, which sets new national drives for a descending trend in excess weight by 2020. The Tackling Obesities: Future Choices project presented its findings on 17 October 2007 and the Project aims to deliver a feasible response to obesity in the UK over the next 40 years. It also sets out examples of what is intended on a national level to help ch allenge obesity, one of these is called Change4life programme. In this programme it states it will help consumers make healthier food choices (www.dh.gov.uk). This could be linked to Professor Marmot point, when he discussed behavioural choices as individuals such as where to shop for food, and how these decisions are dictated by the individuals socio-economic circumstance, and if they can afford the recommended good food (UCL Institute of Health Equity, 2012). A fitter Future for All and Healthy Lives, healthy people are policies that both the British and Northern Ireland government support, but there are wider determinants of poor health such as poverty and inequalities that play an important role in obesity (HM Government, 2010). It could be argued that while policies such as these are targeting the causes of obesity, they are not actively seeking out realistic solutions to the problem; people may know they need to eat healthier, but simply cannot afford to buy the better food. In developing countries rates of obesity are inclined to rise, and this is associated with growing social disadvantage; addressing social deprivation and material disadvantage is likely to reduce obesity (Kouvonen. 2012). Socio-economic class as a factor in health is not a new phoneme in the United Kingdom, as it has a history of many hundreds of years. According to Edwin Chadwicks report on sanitary conditions of the labouring population in Britain in 1842 showed that in Liverpool the average age of mortality for people in the upper classes was 35 years, and 15 years for labours and servants (Richardson, 2008). Inequalities still exist today, but have improved and in the Black report published in 1980 it states that there are still inequalities with regard to life expectancy and the use of medical services (Whitehead et al, 1992). According to the Foresight report (2007) a government science think tank reported that most adults are already overweight. It goes on to note that modern living will ensure that upcoming generations will be heavier than the last, and by 2050, 60% of men and 50% of women maybe clinically obese. The report also states the obesity is a multifarious and there is no evidence anywhere in the world where obesity has reversed. Social policy frameworks are paramount according to this report (Foresight Review, 2012). The Marmot Report the third such officially approved analysis in as many decades probing the link between health and wealth. The findings confirmed an alarming social incline, the poor not only die seven years earlier than the rich, but they can expect to become disabled 17 years sooner. Professor Marmot continues to discuss behavioural choices we make as individuals are part of our social and economic settings. He believes that people born into more affluent milieu tend to adopt a healthy lifestyle, resulting in healthcare differences between the social classes (UCL Institute of Health Equity, 2012). In 2011 the Chief medical Officers (CMOs) from across the UK published new strategies for physical activity, and they addressed a life course methodology, and included guidelines for early years (www.ic.nhs.uk). It could be argued this is a blanket policy and it is widely known that poorer people have limited choices with regards to lifestyle choices such as gym memberships. Also the report appears to place the responsibility of exercise on the individual. People from poorer socio-economic backgrounds have poorer housing and environments that dont encourage physical exercise which could be due to social culture of where these people live and lack of resources (UCL Institute of Health Equity, 2012). Addressing overweight children that become obese in later life was issue raised by Dr Hilary Jones on Good Morning Britain, when he stated that obesity begins in childhood. He went on to say that the National Health Service and the Government know causes of obesity but actively preventing it in childhood needs to be addressed (www.gm.tv). Prevention of obesity is more achievable goal than addressing obesity when it becomes established, as some health problems that are acquired through obesity remain an issue even after weight loss. Therefore government policies are mostly directed at primary prevention of obesity such as eating well, exercise and no smoking (Kouvonen, 2012). Social determinants of health are also a key factor in obesity in both children and adults. According to the World Health Organisation the social conditions in which people live are paramount to their health. It goes on to note that lack of income, poor housing and lack of access to healthcare facilities are just some of the factors leading to inequalities (www.who.int). Medical care on its own cannot adequately improve individuals health and addressing where people live and work is also important The social determinants of health are the upstream social, economic, and environmental factors that affect the health of individuals and populations, including income, social support, education and literacy, employment and working conditions. Downstream determinants, which include physical activity, clean air and water and healthy housing. These factors can influence health inequalities difference between social groups that can result in obesity in poorer areas (Kouvonen, 2012). Incidents of Childhood obesity are higher in areas with a lower socioeconomic population according to National Health Service Information Centre report on obesity. It also states that obesity is more widespread in schools in disadvantaged areas. It also noted that with Reception children (children in the primary school age group) 6.9% of those in least deprived areas were obese, in comparison to 12.1 percent of children in most deprived areas (www.ic.nhs.uk). In Northern Ireland statistics show that 8 percent of children ages between 2 and 15 years are obese, according to the Health Minister Edwin Poots. The health Minister went on to say that the likelihood of obese children become obese adults was probable; this would put greater strain on the health and social care services due to the comorbidities associated with the condition (Northern Ireland Executive, 2012). Governments state that health policies are micro driven, but in reality it could be argued that they are macro driven as ultimately obesity will cost more in the long run due to obesity related illness such as diabetes and heat disease, and according to NHS website the cost will be  £4.20 billion per year (HM Government). Tackling obesity is a challenge for not only the UK, but globally and according to the Department of Health and Social Services Northern Ireland website, overweight and obesity will overtake malnutrition and infectious disease in terms of their cost to the health services and people suffering from the condition (www.dhsspsni.gov.uk). Appendix 2. It was not until 1999 that obesity was declared an epidemic in America and was considered to affect all racial groups and across all ages in United States (National Medical Association, 1999). According to the information published there was an increase from 12% to 18% over a seven year period using a body mass index (BMI) that was greater than 30 (National Medical Association, 1999). Historically obesity rates were low and unaffected until 1970s and 80s, and the obesogentic environment (an environment that encourages and leads to obesity in individuals that relates to the influence that contribute towards obesity such as food, physical activity and environment. Many broader determinants of poor health such as health inequalities, poverty and deprivation play a significant role, and these factors have not swayed over the years. In pre-war Britain large differences in mortality and morbidity levels between rich and poor were recognised as the norm by policy makers. It was the introduc tion of the National Health Service in the 1940s that brought with it hope that the social class differences affecting health would decline. It wasnt until the 1970s that the Marmot Report stated peoples lifestyle and circumstances have a direct effect on their health (Crinson, 2009). The health implications from obesity are immense and can ultimately result in a premature death. Although obesity is caused by intake of more energy through food and drink than needed and the resulting excess stored in fat in the body, the view that obesogenic environment also plays a part in obesity is becoming widely accepted. Social and economic circumstances are also evaluated in this paper as are the role of governments and policy makers, both in the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland. The overall view of this paper would be that policies are made by individuals that have no insight into what part of society they are directed at such as deprived and socio-economic areas that lack the means and facilities whereby individuals feel that their contribution to society is valued and important enough for them to care about their own wellbeing. Policies are not directed at one specific group such and the one size fits all doesnt appear to be working as obesity is now a global epidemic. Bibliography BBC (2012) The Men who made us fat: episode 3, available at www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01kd06l (Accessed 06/11/2012 @ 20.05) Berreby, David. (2012). Is Capitalism To Blame for Worldwide Obesity? Available at http://bigthink.com/Mind-Matters/is-capitalism-to-blame-for-worldwide-obesity (Accessed 5/11/2012) Braveman, Paula. Egeter, Susan. Williams, R. William (2011) The Social Determinants of Health: Coming of Age, Annual Review of Public Health, Vol. 32: 381-98 Cabinet Office (1999) Modernising Government White Paper: available at http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/cm43/4310/4310.htm (accessed 05/11/2012) Crib et al (2012) Briefing Notes on Jubilees compared: incomes, spending and work in the late 1970s and early 2010s, available at http://www.ifs.org.uk/publications/6190 (Accessed 12/11/2012) Crinson, Iain (2009) Health Policy, a critical prospective, SAGE, London Department of Health Public health (2012) Adult social care, and the NHS: Obesity Document, available at www.dh.gov.uk/health/category/policy-areas/public-health/obesity-healthy-living (Accessed 10/11/2012) Department of Works Pensions (2011) Causes of Obesity available at, http://www.dwp.gov.uk/publications/specialist-guides/medical-conditions/a-z-of-medical-conditions/obesity (Accessed 05/11/2012) Department for Works Pensions (2011) Definition of Overweight and Obesity available at, http://www.dwp.gov.uk/publications/specialist-guides/medical-conditions/a-z-of-medical-conditions/obesity (Accessed 05/11/2012) DHSSPSNI (2012) Framework for Preventing and Addressing Overweight and Obesity in Northern Ireland: 2012-2022, available at http://www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/framework-preventing-addressing-overweight-obesity-ni-2012-2022.pdf (accessed 8/11/2012) DHSSPSNI (2011) Safety, Quality and Standards: Safety and Quality Policy Document available at www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/index/phealth/sqs.htm (Accessed 6/11/2012) Foresight Review (2012) www.foresightreport.com (Accessed 08/11/2012 @ 9.50) GMTV (2012) www.gm.tv.uk (Viewed 07/11/2012 @ 7.47) Gough, I. (1979) The Political Economy of the Welfare State, Macmillan, Basingstoke HM Government (2010) Healthy Lives, Healthy People: Our Strategy for Public Health in England, available at www.official-documents.gov.uk (accessed 10/11/2012) NHS Information Centre (2011) Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet: England, available at http://www.ic.nhs.uk/webfiles/publications/003_Health_Lifestyles/opad11/Statistics_on_Obesity_Physical_Activity_and_Diet_England_2011_revised_Aug11.pdf (Accessed 08/11/2012 @ 8.25) NHS Information Centre (2011) Obesity Rising Among Final Year Primary School Children, available at www.ic.nhs.uk/ncmp (Accessed 10/11/2012 @ 20.55) Kouvonen, Dr A. (2012) What is Health Policy?, Lecture Notes Week 1: Lecture 2 Kouvonen, Dr A. (2012) Current Issues in Health Policy: Obesity, Week 4: Lecture 2 National Medical Association (1999) Obesity Declared an Epidemic in the United States, J Natl Med Assoc. 1999 December; 91(12): 645 PMCID: PMC2608606 Northern Ireland Executive (2012) available at http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/index/media-centre/news-departments/news-dhssps/news-dhssps-08032012-obesity-cuts-life.htm (Accessed 08/11/2012 @ 20.15) Philpott, T (2008) A Reflection of the Lasing Legacy of the 1970s USDA Secretary Earl Butz available at http://grist.org/article/the-butz-stops-here (Accessed 7/11/2012) Richardson, W.B. (2008) The Health of Nations: A Review of the Works of Edwin Chadwick, Volume I. BiblioLife, LLC Ritzer, G. (2004) The McDonaldization of Society, SAGE, California UCL Institute of Health Equity (2012) Strategic Review of Health Inequalities in England: Post-2010 (The Marmot Review), available at www.marmotreview.org (Accessed 9/11/2012) Whitehead, M., Townsend, P., Davidson, N., Daivdsen, N., (1992) Inequalities in Health: The Black Report and the Health Divide, Penguin Books Ltd; New edition (29 Oct 1992) World Health Organisation (2006) Commission on Social Determinants of Health, available at www.who.int/social_determinants/resources/csdh_brochure.pdf (Accessed 09/11/2012 @ 17.56) World Health Organisation (2012) Health Policy, available at www.who.int/topics/health_policy/en/ (Accessed 05/11/2012 @ 8.50) World Health Organisation (2012) Obesity, available at www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/ (Accessed 05/11/2012 @ 17.43) Appendix 1

The Influence of Bob Marleys Absent, White Father :: Bob Marley Essays

â€Å"My fadda was a guy yunno, from England here, yunno? Him was like†¦like you can read it yunno, it’s one o’dem slave stories: white guy get the black woman and breed her. He’s a English guy†¦I t’ink. Cos me see him one time yunno. My mother? My Mother African.† (Bob Marley, 1978) The psychological aftermath of being an abandoned child of a biracial marriage was something that heavily influenced reggae superstar Bob Marley for his entire career. Many of Marley’s most loyal fans and the vast majority of reggae enthusiasts are unaware that he was, indeed, born to a white father, Captain Norval Marely, and a black mother, Cedella Booker. Bob Marley grew up angry with his father who he felt had mistreated him and his mother. Marley was also partially ashamed of his white heritage. This childhood mentality of resentment and embarrassment sculpted Marley’s youth and eventually influenced the ideals and work of his musical genius for his entire career. The sentiment of abandonment and the lack of a father figure forced Bob Marley to look to other means, like the ideals of Rastafarianism, for direction, comfort, and a sense of belonging. The strong allegiance to black culture that resulted from the absence of his white father also partially attribut ed to Marley’s unwaveringly sense of Pan-Africanism. The imperfections and almost total absence of Bob Marley’s Caucasian father, Captain Norval Marley, had a profound psychological influence on the great reggae icon. The effects of racial issues on human nature and thought are highly debated and viewed quite sensitively by many. Often, people even find their feelings and observations difficult to discuss with regard to the subject matter. With this in mind, it needs to be stated that Bob Marley was not a bigot in any way. In reality, Marley was a â€Å"missionary for a form of personal and collective identity he called â€Å"Rasta† a word that both signified a history of racial oppression, and pointed to a definition of community beyond the language of race† (Stephens 149). It should also be stated that Marley was a member of the early movement of Rastas who were rooted in Garvey’s Black Nationalism, and in an ancient tradition of â€Å"Africanized† Christianity known as Ethiopianism (Stephens 149). Early Rastas adopted the ideals of Kenyan anti-colonial rebels, their call to action being: â€Å"Death to the white oppressor† (Stephens 149).

Phu Nhuan Jewelry Essay

In April 28th, 1988, Phu Nhuan Jewelry Trading Store was founded with an investment of only VND 14 million and its first 20 employees. In 1990, this founding store became Phu Nhuan Jewelry, Fine Arts and Currency Exchange Company, being under direct control of Financial Administration of Ho Chi Minh City Committee. Phuong Hoang Gold Bar was also launched then. In 1992, the company was renamed Phu Nhuan Jewelry Joint Stock Company. This stage witnesses great changes with bold investment in Italian technology production line. In the same year, the company also co-founded Dong A Bank and formed a joint venture with Phu Nhuan House Trading and Devepment Company. In 1995, PNJ expanded its activities into motorbike trading as a Head of Honda. Also in this year, PNJ set up the first gas logistics in Ho Chi Minh City, VINAGAS. Since 1998 till 2003, Branches in Ha Noi, Da Nang and Can Tho were set up while number of stores in Ho Chi Minh City kept increasing. Not only spreading nationwide, PNJ also exports to foreign markets, starting with Singapore, Malaysia and the US. In 2003, PNJ co-found Dong A Real Estate Join Stock Company and be shareholder of SG Fisheries Joint Stock Company. In Jan 2004, PNJ changed into a new type of business: Joint Stock Company, under the full name Phu Nhuam Jewelry Joint Stock Company. In 2005, PNJ re-launched PNJSilver and launched a premium trademark CAO – Fine Jewelry. In 2007, PNJ was ranked Top 200 Largest Enterprises in Vietnam by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). In 2008, PNJ launched new logo and re-launched gold bar trademark under a new name: Phoenix PNJ- Dong A Bank. In present, PNJ keeps growing in all aspects: manufacturing system investment and workforce development, export market expansion to Europe, U. S. A, Australia, etc. The company’s asset has raised up to 2. 000 billion VND, the number of employees has now been nearly 2. 000 people and PNJ has an international-standard jewelry factory with 1. 000 professional goldsmiths. Until now, PNJ’s retail system has expanded to more than 100 stores nationwide. PNJ is very proud of its famous and prestige jewelry brands in Vietnam, which include the PNJ Gold, PNJSilver, CAO Fine Jewelry and Phoenix PNJ – DongA Bank Gold Bar. PNJ has received different awards throughout years, such as Top 500 Retailers in Asia-Pacific Award (from 2004 until now), High Quality Vietnamese Products Award for 12 consecutive years from 1998 to 2009, Vietnamese Golden Star Award, Best Vietnamese Brand Award, Vietnamese Quality Award, etc. PNJ was the first local jewelry company exporting products overseas. Since 1995, PNJ jewelry products have been introduced in Hongkong Jewelry Fair, as well as exported to Denmark, Germany, U. S. A, Australia and start entering Dubai market. Throughout 21 years of development, PNJ has successfully completed business tasks, taken care of social community, contributed for the Vietnamese jewelry industry, and also contributed to the development of the economy – society of the country.

Civil Engineering Essays - Building Engineering, Civil Engineer

Civil Engineering Essays - Building Engineering, Civil Engineer Civil Engineering Civil Engineering Why do I want to be a civil engineer? Until recently, I did not know the answer to this question myself. I was lost when choosing a career. Then, I read about civil engineering, an occupation involving the construction of buildings, roads, and bridges. As I looked farther into civil engineering, I liked many of the other aspects involved with the career. Although the education will be difficult, I have determined that civil engineering is the career that I want to pursue. What is civil engineering? This career can not be defined using just a few words. The many obstacles that civil engineers must overcome cover a vast area of responsibilities. Civil engineers conceive, plan, construct, and operate facilities that meet basic human needs and reach out toward the realization of societys most noble goals (Auburn 106). Civil engineers solve real world problems with the combination of applying mathematics and natural sciences (Hagerty and Heer 2-3). Upon deciding to pursue a career in civil engineering, I must have many attributes that help me decide for myself if I am right for this career. Probable civil engineers can be found occupying their childhood time with mechanical toys and structural sets instead of traditional toys. These people will get enjoyment from planning, designing, and constructing works or facilities. They also have the ability to see how intelligent use of nature has made our civilization today possible and have the desire to want to improve it (Golze 41). As a child building blocks filled my toy chest, and erector sets filled my playroom. I loved the challenge of building things and making things work. A young passion for the work of a civil engineer leads me to believe I could succeed in this field. The education of a civil engineer deals mainly with math and natural sciences. The first four semesters of curriculum required, which I will take at Northeast Alabama Community College, are the basics such as Calculus I - IV, differential equations, statistics, English, history, literature, speech, chemistry, and physics (Northeast 40). After completion of the requirements at Northeast Alabama Community College, I plan to attend Auburn University. Auburn Universitys institutional mission is to prepare students for the ethical practice of civil engineering (Auburn 106). When beginning my studies at Auburn University, I will be required to take classes that go even deeper into civil engineering. Classes such as hydraulics, statics, and water treatment, are required to give an engineer a base to help solve problems in real world situations (Auburn 106). By taking classes such as these, I will be more prepared to face any problems encountered on the job. At many schools, students are able to study and gain work experience at the same time through cooperative programs. These programs allow students to get a first-hand look at experiences related to the job while still pursuing their education in that career. The close relationship between the school and the industry is important because both continue to educate the student (Hagerty and Heer 47-50). After completing my requirements at Northeast Alabama Community College, I plan to attend Auburn University and enter its cooperative program and engineering school. I hope that the knowledge I will gain from both institutions will lead me into a successful career as an engineer. Civil engineers use their knowledge of material science, engineering theory, and economics to devise, construct, and maintain our physical surroundings. The work duties depend on many different areas of specialization in engineering. A structural engineer, who is concerned with loads to which the structure is exposed, must calculate the maximum load that the structure can hold. On the other hand, a public works engineer must anticipate and be responsive to social needs. A company will start a young, inexperienced engineer out with few responsibilities. As the engineer gains experience, he or she will also gain additional responsibilities (Hagerty and Heer 89). The practice of civil engineering pays the lowest salary of all engineering fields. However, over the past few years, civil engineering graduates have seen a 2.7 % increase in their starting salaries. The average annual starting salary, according to an article in the Memphis Business Journal, is $30,618 dollars (Scott 4). Those who pursue a career in civil engineering do not make their decision based on salary. Instead, they derive satisfaction from the good done by helping meet the social and economic needs of the people (Hagerty and Heer 88). Aiding the publics most common needs is what interests me

Yet More Testing Center Problems for June 6 SAT

Yet More Testing Center Problems for June 6 SAT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips We've written at length about the June 6 SAT misprint snafuand SAT testing center problems. Our SAT experts who took the SAT on June 6th noted major problems in how the test was administered, leading to potential imbalances in test performance and equality. As we suspected, these problems extend throughout the country. A reader wrote in with his terrible College Board testing experience with his son. The belowletter was directly sent to the College Board as a complaint: My son took a SAT Subject test on June 6, 2015 at UC Irvine in Irvine, California. The test was to be an hour. I assumed the total time he would be there would be no more than 2 hours. On the testing day, there were hundreds of students there. They were testing for all subject tests plus the SAT itself. Checking in the students was a nightmare. Initially, there was only one extremely long line of students. I dropped my son off and saw him get in line. Since we arrived early, he was behind approximately 50-75 students. When I drove by 30 minutes later, I was shocked to see the line at least five times longer and my son still standing in line. At that point, I thought there was nothing I could do, and it wasn't until FOUR hours later when he texted me that he had finished, that I discovered what he had to go through. After he waited an hour in line waiting to be checked in, he said suddenly many students started running to another building. He then heard someone yell that SAT subject test takers need to go to another building. By the time he ran over to the other building, he then was at the back of a new long line. He said nowhere were signs posted or people giving instructions to the students as they arrived as to where they should go to check in. Once he got into the room for the test about an hour later, he said he sat through 40 minutes of instructions, including instructions about calculators and having the calculators physically examined. My son was not there to take a math subject test, but a history test. Yet he had to sit through lengthy instructions that did not even pertain to his test. So after being dropped off to take the test, he was not able to begin the test until hours later. That alone would make a student not only tired but even more apprehensive. The desk he had to sit in had a very small surface area, less than the size of a sheet of notebook paper. He said it wasn't even enough room for his scantron and his arm had to hang off the side. He had to put his test booklet in his lap, without anything underneath it to provide a harder writing surface. When I asked how he marked in his test booklet (for marking eliminations and notes), he said he had to do it in his lap and it was extremely uncomfortable. My son said he didn't want to take any further subject tests because of the experience. I tried to assure him that we will find a different test center next time, but I have no way of knowing what he might encounter elsewhere and it could be even worse. We have heard the many stories of proctors listening to audible music while the test is being administered, issues with the correct time being given, noise from outside not being addressed and other unfair conditions. At this point, we don't yet know how he fared on the SAT subject test he took. But regardless, these testing conditions and disorganization are unfair and completely unacceptable. We expected the process to be professional, especially since the College Board has been administering these tests for many years. It's very likely that this reader's son was severely disadvantaged compared to students at other, better-run SAT testing centers in the country. If the College Board is serious about reducing inequality in testing, one place it needs to look is testing conditions as test centers. Have a similar experience? Share it as a comment below. When you take the SAT or ACT, make sure you know your rights. Speak up if any of these problems happen to you. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Free Essays on Greening Of Management

1.0 Introduction Advancements in technology over the last 100 years have provided mankind with an unappalled material wealth. According to the WorldWatch Institute Report, the world economy has expanded from $4 trillion in 1950 to more than $20 trillion in 1995, and in this same time period world population has more than doubled (WorldWatch Institute, as cited in Valasquez, 1998). But this technological and material prosperity does not come without its costs; there have been terrible consequences on our natural environment. Much of the burden can be placed onto the shoulders of unscrupulous business’s operating in the latter half of the 20th century under the ‘Classical view’ of social responsibility (Shaw, 1998). That is, that their only social responsibility is to maximise profits. Luckily, in the late 1980’s and throughout the 1990’s the attitudes of businesses towards looking after the environment began to change for the better. The widely used term for this is n ow know as, ‘The Greening of Management†. 2.0 Define and Discuss ‘The Greening of Management’ In the rapidly changing business world of the 21st century it is now widely accepted that â€Å"A primary concern of many businesses now is how to manage their environmental impacts effectively and efficiently† (Berry & Rondinelli, p38). The name for this fairly new style of management is called â€Å"Green Management†. The Greening of Management is concerned with companies embracing environmental protection as part of their competitive strategies, as well as â€Å"the recognition of the close link between an organisation’s decisions and activities and its impact on the natural environment† (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg, Coulter, p145). Greening of management has helped business’s understand that proper environmental protection requires the prevention or pollution rather than just the control of wastes at the end of the pipeline. (Berry & Rondinelli, 1998). ... Free Essays on Greening Of Management Free Essays on Greening Of Management 1.0 Introduction Advancements in technology over the last 100 years have provided mankind with an unappalled material wealth. According to the WorldWatch Institute Report, the world economy has expanded from $4 trillion in 1950 to more than $20 trillion in 1995, and in this same time period world population has more than doubled (WorldWatch Institute, as cited in Valasquez, 1998). But this technological and material prosperity does not come without its costs; there have been terrible consequences on our natural environment. Much of the burden can be placed onto the shoulders of unscrupulous business’s operating in the latter half of the 20th century under the ‘Classical view’ of social responsibility (Shaw, 1998). That is, that their only social responsibility is to maximise profits. Luckily, in the late 1980’s and throughout the 1990’s the attitudes of businesses towards looking after the environment began to change for the better. The widely used term for this is n ow know as, ‘The Greening of Management†. 2.0 Define and Discuss ‘The Greening of Management’ In the rapidly changing business world of the 21st century it is now widely accepted that â€Å"A primary concern of many businesses now is how to manage their environmental impacts effectively and efficiently† (Berry & Rondinelli, p38). The name for this fairly new style of management is called â€Å"Green Management†. The Greening of Management is concerned with companies embracing environmental protection as part of their competitive strategies, as well as â€Å"the recognition of the close link between an organisation’s decisions and activities and its impact on the natural environment† (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg, Coulter, p145). Greening of management has helped business’s understand that proper environmental protection requires the prevention or pollution rather than just the control of wastes at the end of the pipeline. (Berry & Rondinelli, 1998). ...

Speech 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Speech 1 - Essay Example The liquid in our body needs to be supplied with water daily for our body to live and to function. Without water, we will be dehydrated and will surely die. We also need to drink water at least 2 liters a day for us to be healthy. Proper intake of water improves the circulation of our body making us healthy and disease free. We may be able to survive drinking less than 2 liters a day but that will affect our health and strength. Ample intake of 2 liters of water a day helps the body cleanse itself to improve its circulation and remove the toxin from our body. There are instances when we need to drink more than 2 liters of water a day. This is when we engage in physical activities especially sports. Our body needs more than 2 liters of water when we engage in sport because it uses more nutrition when it exerts effort and part of it is water. Water also keeps our body cool during strenuous exercise through perspiration to avoid it from â€Å"overheating†. Thus we have to replenish those lost waters by hydrating our body by drinking more than 2 liters of water. Water is indeed important to our body. We need to drink 2 liters of water to live and to hydrate our body that is composed of around 80 percent liquid. Water is basically essential to human life. We also need to drink 2 liters of water to keep our body strong healthy. We may survive in drinking less than 2 liters of water a day but that will severely affect our health because the body is not properly hydrated and it does not have enough liquid to keep it strong. Finally, we need to drink to drink more than 2 liters of water a day when we engage in strenuous activity particularly sports to replenish the water that was lost during the increased activity. Indeed water is indispensable to our well-being because we need to drink it in order to live and at least 2 liters of it to remain healthy and more

Firm Resources and Sustainable Competitive Advantage Research Paper

Firm Resources and Sustainable Competitive Advantage - Research Paper Example Since strategic management influences each and every department of the company it, therefore, takes each and every department into consideration while developing the hardcore organizational goals and policies. Thus from this we can gather that strategic management is basically used to give a sense of direction to the organization, it provides each and every department the goals that it needs to achieve and a policy to work towards these goals, such as the importance of strategic management for an organization and hence this is handled directly by the board of directors or the CEO and rightly so. Many a companies have failed to make it right to the top because they have placed lesser emphasis on strategic management and they have also overlooked the fact, most conveniently, that for different situations there needs to be different strategy altogether and since each and every firm is different, much like individuals, the difference in cost structures and other factors should be taken i n to consideration while developing a strategy. For this to be done the company must keep a keen eye on the competitor i.e. a competitor analysis should be done whenever the need arises this is extremely important because in certain market structures there exists a high level of interdependency and hence the decisions one's competitor makes is of great importance to the company itself. The company needs to indulge in self-evaluation as well because to ascertain where the company is heading and what the current situation within the company is, a self-evaluation is of great importance. Self-evaluation also pinpoints the choke points or the points where the company needs to focus and remove the hindrances in order to move forward. The third player in any market is the government or the economy of that particular area and hence to have a successful strategy it is extremely important that company evaluates the economy on the macro as well as the microeconomic scale. As far as the iron ore and steel industry are concerned it is extreme ly important that the carry out the macro and micro-economic studies because this industry is the provider of raw material to a number of other industries and hence if the macroeconomic situation is good enough then the company would do better and it should also be able to predict what is going to happen in the next 6-12 months and hence plan accordingly because a steep fall in demand can cause huge losses to an industry that is as large as this.  

EVALUATION OF PLAY IN DESIGN FOR BEHAVIORAL CHANGE Essay

EVALUATION OF PLAY IN DESIGN FOR BEHAVIORAL CHANGE - Essay Example However, through the interview there are both mistakes and improvements that when well covered would lead to a better game design that would accommodate all the aspects that would have been ignores in the previous design (Wolock et., al, 2010). It would be difficult to design a perfect game without a trial version. Through gained knowledge on the research nature it would be easier for the researcher to come up with aims and objectives that are supposed to be taken into account when designing a game. This would reduce the common mistakes which are obvious even to the fans hence creating a better understanding about the research in both quantitative and theoretical manner (Breakwell, 2006). Through research methodology, the dissertation is aimed at utilizing the various aspects such as philosophy, research design, research approaches and data collection to ascertain the requirements of play and design through research methodology (Ackermann, 2008). Fig1. Designing a game, Accessed from : http://moerg.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/img_1469.jpg?w=390&h=289, on 6th Nov 2011. Research Philosophy: Through the philosophical aspects it is important that the designer realizes the philosophical content of the research, for instance the realism, positivism and interpretive. These factors will determine the effects of the players and the audience. ... Research Strategies: According to Wolock et., al, (2010), in order to achieve any researcher has to strategize on the best methodology to use which depends on the requirements of the research design and play. There are effective research strategies like data collection resources, research objectives and approaches that would enhance the achievement of research project within the requirement, limits and scope of research (Archer, 1993). Working on effective research processes includes but not limited to case study, interviews, experiments, observations, surveys and literature review. These factors bring out a wider perception and research integrity within the projects that were managed according to the experimental analysis (Hourcade, 2008). Data Collection Through appropriate data collection method, the researcher would achieve a good play design with valid and reliable data and information. The researcher should involve both primary and secondary data collection methods (Ackermann, 2008). The primary date collection methods can be done through first hand information obtained from surveys and interviews conducted directly between the interviewer and the interviewee. This reduces chances of conveying irrelevant information as the interviewer would be able to study the interviewee to get more information (Breakwell, 2006). The secondary data collection method includes reading from journals, books and academic articles lust to mention. Once both methods of data collection are conduce about the play design, comparison can be done to ascertain the required information to be implemented on the play design (Bell, 2006) Needs and Pleasures    In order to achieve research design; we have to consider the design practice itself. At first

Comparimg Rigidising Methods Using Reenforced Material Literature review

Comparimg Rigidising Methods Using Reenforced Material - Literature review Example Glass fibers are more effective in achieving shear strengthening. Various methods can be used in the reinforcement of polymers using carbon or glass fibers. Some of the methods include curing pressure increase and filler incorporation and vacuum infusion. This paper outlines a comparison among the various rigidising methods using reinforced material to increase the general strength of the materials. The electrical conductivity of the materials has also been analyzed [8]. Curing pressure increase and filler incorporation This ridigising method enhances the through-thickness thermal conductivity of carbon fiber polymer-matrix. This method is used to increase heat dissipation by enhancing the low through-thickness thermal conductivity of carbon fiber polymers. The conductivity is normally raised by 60 percent by enhancing the curing pressure from 0.1 to 2.0 MPa and almost by 35 percent by incorporation of a filler. This was reported in an experiment conducted at Composite Materials Rese arch Laboratory in the University of Buffalo [4]. The experiments were conducted to determine the effect of curing pressure and filler incorporation on the mechanical and conductivity properties on a material. The mechanical test was conducted on a 15-lamina crossply composite plate under flexure using a hydraulic mechanical testing procedure. The thermal resistivity (m2 K/W) and the thermal resistant (K/W) were used to report the increase in thermal conductivity of the resultant material after this treatment. The thermal resistivity increased after a raise of the curing pressure from 0.1 to 2 MPa. This resistivity further increased after the filler incorporation [4]. This implies that the thermal conductivity of the material increased after subjecting the material to the two treatments. It was also noted that increasing curing pressure increases the through-thickness thermal conductivity more that the filler incorporation. The experiment revealed that the optimum through-thickness thermal conductivity achieved through the process was 1.5 W/m K. The highest ever recorded value for this form of rigidness enhancement technique is 3.3 W/m K. this does not imply that the process is ineffective or inconsistent. The difference could have aroused due to the process prepreg. The material resistivity and intralaminar fiber-fiber interfacial resistivity are lowered by close to 56 Percent by enhancing the curing pressure and by around 36 percent though the filler incorporation [4]. This further proves that curing pressure increase is more useful in increasing thermal conductivity compared to filler incorporation. Vacuum infusion Vacuum infusion of vinyl ester resin into biaxial knitted glass and carbon fiber complexes enhances the strengths of the materials under tensile and indentation forces. The carbon fiber complexes after this vacuum infusion are mechanically stronger when subjected to loading pressures [7]. The strengths of the carbon fiber material can be proved b y carrying out various tests including tensile strength test, compression strength test, open hole tensile (OHT) strength test and Open hole compression (OHC) strength test. An experiment conducted at the department of mechanical engineering in Lehigh University proved that in deed the mechanical properties of carbon fiber complexes is enhanced through vacuum infusion using vinyl ester resins. In the experiment, the tensile strength

Epidemiology study case and powerpoint Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Epidemiology and powerpoint - Case Study Example This prompted the epidemiology team to be called to the scene. After the health department had conducted investigation, the following results were revealed in the list of food that was eaten by the students during the party, the total student who ate a particular food and the illness tabulation. Following the complaints of vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pains filed by the students, the department of epidemiological health decided to send health team for fieldwork to determine the number of cases. in addition, the health team was also to collect samples to verify the diagnosis of the outbreak. In addition, enough information was collected on the types of food the students ate at the party using questionnaires that were filled by the students. Through the fieldwork conducted by the health team epidemiologist, they concluded that there was an outbreak of a disease in the AHS 360 class after the students who attended the party showed similar symptoms hours after the party. After verifying the disease outbreak in the class, the health team further decided to verify the existence of the epidemic using the cases observed and the estimated number of cases. The decision to launch the investigation was influenced by the severity of the illness, potential ability to spread and the control measures available. The health team collected samples for clinical findings and laboratory examination to verify the exact disease outbreak following symptoms that detail foodborne disease. From the clinical features presented by the students, the results of the questionnaires answered, epidemiological risk rate and the laboratory examination, it was concluded that Bacillus Cereus was the actual causative agent to the disease outbreak in AHS 360 class. It was confirmed that those students who attended the party and ate food were at a risk of developing symptoms of the disease compared to those who did not attend the party. In addition, those who attended the party and did not eat any

Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Global Warming - Essay Example rs, and predominantly over the past 50 years.   Indeed, greenhouse gases have very probable caused more warming than has been detected, which is attributable to the off-setting cooling result from aerosol emissions by human. Huber and Knutti’s find that if the same trend persist, we will reach 2 °C above pre-industrial levels in the next few decades. According to National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) research in the United State, conducted in 2010, there was a finding that the ecosphere or the world can warm or cool, without any human interventions. The notion that global warming is a normal and a natural cycle is well stipulated from paleo data. This data covers the past one million years. According to these research for the past one million years the ordinary and natural climate has wavered from warm periods then ice ages. This fluctuating in and out of warm eras and ice ages is interrelated sturdily with Milankovitch phases. With the purpose of understanding the dissimilarity between natural cycle and human-caused/subjective global warming, one needs to reflect on variations in radiative coercing and how this affects systems on the globe such as the ocean chemistry, atmosphere, ice and snow, vegetation and ocean heat content inversion cycles and linked effects. The present radiative coercing levels are obviously outside of the realm of natural cycle array. The article by Huber and knutti is more convincing and conclusive as the research methodology used are clear and over a short period of time compared to the later which the data is collected from unreliable observations and assumptions over the last one million

Comparimg Rigidising Methods Using Reenforced Material Literature review

Comparimg Rigidising Methods Using Reenforced Material - Literature review Example Glass fibers are more effective in achieving shear strengthening. Various methods can be used in the reinforcement of polymers using carbon or glass fibers. Some of the methods include curing pressure increase and filler incorporation and vacuum infusion. This paper outlines a comparison among the various rigidising methods using reinforced material to increase the general strength of the materials. The electrical conductivity of the materials has also been analyzed [8]. Curing pressure increase and filler incorporation This ridigising method enhances the through-thickness thermal conductivity of carbon fiber polymer-matrix. This method is used to increase heat dissipation by enhancing the low through-thickness thermal conductivity of carbon fiber polymers. The conductivity is normally raised by 60 percent by enhancing the curing pressure from 0.1 to 2.0 MPa and almost by 35 percent by incorporation of a filler. This was reported in an experiment conducted at Composite Materials Rese arch Laboratory in the University of Buffalo [4]. The experiments were conducted to determine the effect of curing pressure and filler incorporation on the mechanical and conductivity properties on a material. The mechanical test was conducted on a 15-lamina crossply composite plate under flexure using a hydraulic mechanical testing procedure. The thermal resistivity (m2 K/W) and the thermal resistant (K/W) were used to report the increase in thermal conductivity of the resultant material after this treatment. The thermal resistivity increased after a raise of the curing pressure from 0.1 to 2 MPa. This resistivity further increased after the filler incorporation [4]. This implies that the thermal conductivity of the material increased after subjecting the material to the two treatments. It was also noted that increasing curing pressure increases the through-thickness thermal conductivity more that the filler incorporation. The experiment revealed that the optimum through-thickness thermal conductivity achieved through the process was 1.5 W/m K. The highest ever recorded value for this form of rigidness enhancement technique is 3.3 W/m K. this does not imply that the process is ineffective or inconsistent. The difference could have aroused due to the process prepreg. The material resistivity and intralaminar fiber-fiber interfacial resistivity are lowered by close to 56 Percent by enhancing the curing pressure and by around 36 percent though the filler incorporation [4]. This further proves that curing pressure increase is more useful in increasing thermal conductivity compared to filler incorporation. Vacuum infusion Vacuum infusion of vinyl ester resin into biaxial knitted glass and carbon fiber complexes enhances the strengths of the materials under tensile and indentation forces. The carbon fiber complexes after this vacuum infusion are mechanically stronger when subjected to loading pressures [7]. The strengths of the carbon fiber material can be proved b y carrying out various tests including tensile strength test, compression strength test, open hole tensile (OHT) strength test and Open hole compression (OHC) strength test. An experiment conducted at the department of mechanical engineering in Lehigh University proved that in deed the mechanical properties of carbon fiber complexes is enhanced through vacuum infusion using vinyl ester resins. In the experiment, the tensile strength

Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Global Warming - Essay Example rs, and predominantly over the past 50 years.   Indeed, greenhouse gases have very probable caused more warming than has been detected, which is attributable to the off-setting cooling result from aerosol emissions by human. Huber and Knutti’s find that if the same trend persist, we will reach 2 °C above pre-industrial levels in the next few decades. According to National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) research in the United State, conducted in 2010, there was a finding that the ecosphere or the world can warm or cool, without any human interventions. The notion that global warming is a normal and a natural cycle is well stipulated from paleo data. This data covers the past one million years. According to these research for the past one million years the ordinary and natural climate has wavered from warm periods then ice ages. This fluctuating in and out of warm eras and ice ages is interrelated sturdily with Milankovitch phases. With the purpose of understanding the dissimilarity between natural cycle and human-caused/subjective global warming, one needs to reflect on variations in radiative coercing and how this affects systems on the globe such as the ocean chemistry, atmosphere, ice and snow, vegetation and ocean heat content inversion cycles and linked effects. The present radiative coercing levels are obviously outside of the realm of natural cycle array. The article by Huber and knutti is more convincing and conclusive as the research methodology used are clear and over a short period of time compared to the later which the data is collected from unreliable observations and assumptions over the last one million

Science and Technology Essay Example for Free

Science and Technology Essay Although Kerala had been existing from pre-historic times under various other names like Malabar, Malankara, Malayalam, Chera-nad, Cheralam, etc. it had not been a single political unit ever. The narrow strip of land, forming Kerala was divided into a number of small princely states till 1956, when various regions inhabited by Malayalam-speaking people, were unified. Even though, people in this territory dreamed of a single, united political unit for a long time, realization of that dream was impossible in earlier centuries, as different dynasties and local war-lords and European empire-builders, kept the land divided. Boundaries of the princely states changed, as wars between them were frequent. Thus, Kerala, throughout its history had been a divided land till half-a-century ago. Kerala being geographically isolated from the rest of India due to the long mountain range along its eastern border (The Western Ghats), had never become an integral part of any of the numerous empires and kingdoms which ruled the rest of India. Invaders like Hyder and Tipu Sulthan could not succeed in conquering the entire stretch of land and make it part of their empire. Cholas and Pandyas also could not keep Kerala under their power for long. Europeans also could possess only portions of Kerala, under them for limited periods. Thus, there never was a unified Kerala, as a political entity, in the long history of India, till unification in modern times. When finally it happened, unification of Kerala was enforced. Travancore wanted to become an independent nation with sovereignty – a sovereign state, fully self – governing and independent in foreign affairs. Advocating an American model government, Travancore had declared independence unilaterally just before the British granted freedom to India. But, that dream of a separate country in the Indian sub – continent, did not become a reality. Other princely states in India also had to abandon their dreams similarly. Under the new set-up that was emerging in India, all princely states had to give up their claims to sovereignty and merge with the Indian Union. So, under pressure, Travancore and Cochin princely states were unified in 1949. And it was made a state in the Republic of India on 26 January 1950. Still, only about half of Kerala was unified. The other half, called Malabar Revenue Division, continued to be part of Madras state, till re-organization of states on the basis of language, was carried out on 1 November 1956. Formation of modern Kerala, on the basis of the language (Malayalam) spoken in the territory,  was thus an enforced affair. Even though the privileged people in the old regimes tried to resist the unification and formation of Kerala, the majority of the people welcomed it.

Analysis Of Unilateralism Under George W Bush Politics Essay

Analysis Of Unilateralism Under George W Bush Politics Essay Prior to 1945, the dominant trend in the policy of the United States was isolationist, which was isolation from global affairs. America was ambivalent about multilateral engagements and as much as possible remained separated from the European balance of power. In the same vein, the U.S. congress disapproved U.S. participation in the League of Nations reflecting the traditional ambivalence of America towards multilateral engagements. However, after the 2nd World War, there was a significant change in the U.S. foreign policy. The American isolationist approach collapsed completely, and the United States foreign policy was principally committed to multilateralism, as the defining post war strategy adopted by both Democrats and Republicans (Skidmore, 2005). The United States adopted a strategy of global engagement from its hitherto selective engagement. A multilateral approach became the crucial instrument in Americas attempt to conduct the cold war and rebuild international order. The onset of the cold war was the major source of change which by 1947 convinced U.S. policy makers that removal of the soviet threat was the proper strategy and in light of the communist challenge, the containment of the Soviet threat had to be global to have any effect (Jentleson, 2008). The United States became committed to multilateral cooperation and international institutions following World War 2, it promoted the Bretton Woods System multilateralism while supporting institutions such as the UN, IMF, NATO, and the World Bank among others. During this period according to Skidmore (2005), multilateralism attained prominence in the foreign policy of the United States both in practice and in rhetoric, and as the U.S. became internationally powerful, multilateralism was integrated as a norm in international society. However, the American foreign policy has since taken a sharp unilateralist turn especially with the Bush administration; it turned its back on the world and was principally committed to unilateralism and this has been consequential for the U.S. policy and the reputation of the United States internationally. This essay seeks to explore how the United States under the Bush administration rejected multilateralism and adopted a more unilateralist approach to global issues than its predecessors. It is pertinent to note that multilateralism for the United States was not always a principled commitment, but more of a policy preference; American policy makers approached multilateralism pragmatically as it was adopted insofar as it serves U.S. interest and was willingly overlooked when it did not work. It is important to acknowledge that despite the fact that President Bushs administration embraced a more unilateral approach to international issues, not all of presidents Bushs predecessors adopted a multilateral approach to foreign policy as the United States always favoured whatever worked. The Reagan administration in the 1982 Siberian gas pipeline conflict rejected the NATO consensus and enforced unilateral sanctions against European companies for cooperating economically with the Soviet Union (Ikenberry, 2003). The Bush senior administration in the bid to promote free trade approached international economic policy unilaterally; its use of Super 301 trade negotiating authority allowed the U.S. to act as judge, jury and prosecutor simultaneously as it determines what countries should be threatened with punitive sanctions. According to Ikenberry (2003), U.S. officials argue consistently that although multilateralism was preferred, they were always ready to use bilateral talks or even unilateral actions when necessary to achieve what they want. Under the Clinton administration, the NATO allies of the United States tried to convince the Clinton government for several years to intervene in the Bosnian Civil war through a multilateral approach. After the United States finally agreed in 1995, it practically dictated the terms of military intervention supporting the Dayton agreement (Stewart and Shepard, 2002). Also, the Clinton administration intervened under the auspices of military institutions in Somalia in 1992-1993, but withdrew its troops unilaterally after American soldiers became casualties in Somalia. Furthermore, despite international pressure, the United States sat back and practically did little or nothing while atrocities such as the genocide in Rwanda took place. In the same vein, the Clinton administration in Kosovo resisted the UN Security Council by rejecting an intervention and instead worked through NATO, a different multilateral institution. Similarly, the Clinton administration in 1998 refused to be limited on its ability to employ U.S.military power and bypassed the UN Security Council by undertaking Operation Desert Fox, a major four-day bombing campaign on Iraqi targets. Clintons National Security Adviser Anthony Lake, is of the opinion that only one overriding factor can determine whether the United States should act multilaterally or unilaterally, and that is Americas interests. We should act multilaterally where doing so advances our interests, and we should act unilaterally when that will serve our purpose. The simple question in each case is this: What works best? Anthony Lake (1993: 663) However, the United States under the Bush administration embraced a more unilateralist approach to global issues than its predecessors. Unilateral elements of the Bush Doctrine were apparent in the first months of the Bush administration as America withdrew from international agreements, retreating into a unilateralist stance. President Bushs unilateralism became evident in the first few weeks after he took office. After he preached during his election campaign that the U.S. should learn humility in their conduct with other nations, in March 2001, President Bush rather arrogantly withdrew the United States from the Kyoto Global Warming negotiations, a protocol the Americans had signed but was yet to be ratified. Jacobson, (2002) echoed that The U.S did not want its capability to trade for emission rights with other nations to be limited. Following the U.S. withdrawal from the Kyoto protocol, European critics indicated that the United States in 2002 emitted about one-third of greenhouse gases globally (Dumbrell, 2002). Furthermore, in mid 2001, projections made pointed out that by 2010, U.S. emissions would increase by 23 percent. The U.S. refusal to support emission reduction limits confirmed the unilateralist position of the Bush administration to foreign policy (Dumbrell, 2002). The Bush administration repudiated to support series of international agreements. The convention on the prohibition of the production, stockpiling, the transfer and use of antipersonnel mines was signed on the 18th of September 1997 in Ottawa (Prestowitz, 2003). The treaty was signed by every country in the Western Hemisphere except the United States and Cuba and every other member of NATO are signatories to the treaty except the United States and Turkey. The United States demanded an exemption for the removal of mines along the borders of the demilitarized zones in South Korea and an exemption permitting as part of a mixed system the deployment of U.S. antipersonnel mines including antitank mines (Edwards and King, 2007). Other parties to the negotiation rejected both demands made by U.S. military officials and this prompted the U.S. to decline the final agreement. Although President Clinton during his administration promised that the United States would sign the Ottawa convention b y 2006, the Bush administration since entering into office had rejected the treaty and abandoned Clintons earlier pledge. The United States followed self-proclaimed unilateralist action by refusing to ratify the International Criminal Court. The ICC, establish to try war crimes was voted to be established on July 17, 1997 by 120 nations although 7 nations voted against the court while 21 nations abstained (Nolte, 2003). Although President Clinton ultimately signed the ICC treaty as one of his final actions in office on December 31, 2000 overruling objections from many senate Republics and the pentagon, the Bush administration rejected the ICC and withdrew all U.S. support of the court thereby rendering the earlier signature of Clinton null and void (Brown, 2002).The Bush administration campaigned to make sure that other states would not bring charges to the ICC against U.S. troops, According to Nolte (2003), under U.S. pressure the governments of more than sixty states signed bilateral agreements pledging not to submit charges to the ICC against U S. troops. Under the Bush administration, the unilateralist trend of America refusing to live by the rules and yet expecting the rest of the world to comply was dramatically accelerated. President Bush abrogated the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty on December 13, 2001 in pursuance of a national missile defense as the Bush administration had blamed the national missile defense lack of advancement on the ABM Treaty (Hirsh, 2002). This step undertaken by the Bush Administration was opposed by China, Russia and most U.S. allies but President Bush was determined to go-it-alone by backing out of a Treaty that had been a vital part of arms control for close to 30 years. During the Clinton and Bush Senior administration, the power of the United States was not flaunted by domineering less powerful states, although the Clinton administration acted unilaterally on some occasions, at least it appeared to consult and take the views of others before taking action. The Bush administration on the other hand does not even pretend to listen to its allies; rather they inform allies of what is expected to be done. Bushs unilateralist approach could be referred to as in your face or without apology as his unilateral practise is not taken only as a necessary last resort. The 9/11 terrorist attacks on Washington D.C. and New York shocked the international community to cooperate unprecedentedly as friends and foes of the U.S declared jointly a global war on terrorism. However, after the Taliban regime in Afghanistan alongside its Al Qaeda terrorist allies had been toppled, the Bush administration returned to assertive unilateralism (Hayden et al, 2003). The Bush administration disregarded the uproar of international opposition, without an explicit authorization of the Security Council to the use of force and proceeded with the Iraq war almost alone. In the wake of the terrorist attacks, the U.S policy under President Bush continued to be characterised by unilateralism. On the 29th January 2002, President Bush in his State of the Union Address characterized Iraq, Iran and North Korea as an axis of evil, governments threatening world peace, accused of seeking weapons of mass destruction and assisting terrorist (Owens and Dumbrell, 2008). Ignoring criticisms internationally, President Bush went ahead to destroy the Saddam Hussein government, belittling the International Atomic Energy Agency and the united nations as being ineffective. The U.S led coalition to invade Iraq was joined by only Britain. The U.S. led invasion of Iraq under the Bush administration symbolised the implementation of a new national security policy known as the Bush doctrine. This doctrine basically changed the way U.S. acted towards the rest of the world and indicated a radical shift from past national security strategies. This doctrine stressed the concept of preventive or pre-emptive war and a willingness by the United States to act unilaterally if cooperation through a multilateral approach cannot be attained. According to Owens and Dumbrell (2008), President Bush indicated that the new policy was imperative to forestall the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction among terrorist groups and rogue states, while maintaining that the policy of deterrence was no longer adequate to prevent the use of chemical, nuclear and biological weapons among terrorist organisations or rogue states. The Bush doctrine prompts the United States to behave arrogantly and act unilaterally since the invasion of Iraq. Also, the doctrine would jeopardize the international cooperation necessary to track down terrorist groups as the U.S tends to alienate world opinion. Furthermore, the concept of pre-emptive war is prone to encourage the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction rather than discourage it and could increase the risk of regional conflicts if embraced by other nations. The use of force unilaterally would not resolve the resolve the problems of the world. President Bush senior told his son that if a war in Iraq was not backed up by international cooperation, hopes of peace in the Middle East would be farfetched. Bushs Unilateralism and pre-emptive action to deal with weapons of mass destruction has incited popular criticism and ambivalence throughout the Middle East, East and Southeast Asia among others (Edwards and king, 2007). His unilateral approach to global affairs has backfired as it created friction between the mainstream international community and the United States. The heart of President Bush was in the right place as he wanted to make the world secure from terrorism and WMD for which he should be applauded, however, his might makes right and America first approaches have intensified animosities, shaken alliances and increased the risk of global terrorism. When it comes to addressing the problems of the world , multilateral international cooperation is more appropriate than President Bushs unilateral actions. The United States has the greatest influence in international affairs as it possesses the largest military and economy in the world. No nation has had as much cultural, economic and military power as the United States since the Roman Empire. However, Nye (2002) is of the opinion that it became evident through the nuclear threat posed by Iraq and the attacks of September 11 that in solving global problems, power is just not enough. Global issues such as environmental degradation, terrorism, financial instability, infectious diseases, drugs and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction requires involving the cooperation of other nations to be tackled. Unilateralism harms the credibility and international standing of the United States, weakens global environmental initiatives, damaged treaties and cripples the ability of the U.S to negotiate effectively in the future. There are global problems that simply cannot be solved by one country alone irrespective of how powerful, the U.S needs global cooperation to combat international terrorism, sanction effectively law-breaking states, hinder the proliferation of WMD and missile technology, to invest in foreign nations and to curtail illegal immigrants across international borders amongst others (Haass, 2008). Nye (2002), stressed that the United States cannot go it alone as unilateralism is not a viable option; it threatens to undermine its soft power and triggers the forming of coalition against the U.S. which could finally limit its hard power. However, Nye is not saying that the United States should not strike out on its own when deemed necessary or as a last resort because the interest of the U.S. may not always correspond with the ambitions of other nations. Nevertheless, the United States should strive to cooperate with the international community as much as possible because if the U.S. is bound to lead, it is also bound to cooperate (Nye, 2002). In conclusion, the United states under the bush administration adopted a more unilateralist approach to global issues than its predecessors as his administration embraced a go it alone strategy to address international issues in the aftermath of 9/11 and constantly repudiated international norms, treaties and negotiating forums. However, on Saturday 22 May 2010 at the West Point U.S Military Academy, President Obama while addressing graduating cadets declared that the U.S cannot act alone in the world as he outlined a foreign policy agenda that rejected the go-it-alone approach adopted by his predecessor, George W. Bush (BBC News, May 23, 2010). President Obama announced that in contrast to the Bush era, the white house would no longer ignore the international community; explaining that the United States performed best when it operated within alliances for example during the Second World War or during its tensions with the Soviet Union.

The Human Genome Project: The Future of Medicine :: Argumentative Persuasive Papers

The Human Genome Project: The Future of Medicine In the last half century, medicine has been rapidly progressing, finding cures for many diseases, developing new surgical techniques, developing vaccines, and generally improving the overall health and life expectancy of the average person. Instead of living to their forties, it is commonplace for people to live to seventy five and beyond. Medical research is constantly searching for ways to make people healthier and to keep them that way. New cancer and AIDS research comprises a huge portion of modern day medicine. However, the discoveries and breakthroughs that such projects have produced have been few and far between. According to many, we are no closer to finding an actual cure for either ailment than we were ten years ago. However, all is not lost. There is a way in which we can begin to regain some of the medical stride which we have lost. The way to do this is not by scouring the rainforests to try to make exotic drugs, nor is it new chemotherapy techniques or radiation treatm ents. This new way is based in our cells themselves, in understanding how we work, and knowing what our biological determinants are. To understand how our immune system fights disease, we must first understand what causes it. We must know our predisposition to certain kinds of ailments. We must know our genes. Knowing our genes is the fundamental concept behind the most exciting scientific endeavor of the past decade, the Human Genome Project. This project’s goal is to complete a comprehensive map of the human genome by the year 2003, one which illustrates the precise locations of every single gene in all twenty-three pairs of human chromosomes, along with the functions of these genes. The term gene is defined as being "one of many discrete units of hereditary information located on the chromosomes and consisting of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)." (Campbell, G-9) All these units put together comprise the genome. Many ailments that we suffer from are products of flawed genes. Cystic Fibrosis is the result of one such flaw. In 1989, biologists isolated the gene which causes this incurable ailment, and we have progressed very far in our search for a cure. Other ailments whose genetic causes have been isolated include breast cancer (Waldholz, B6), Alzheimer’s (OMIM Entry 104311), Tay Sachs (JUF News, 45), and Huntington’s (Brownlee, 580), as well as Diabetes (Maugh, 8), and many, many more.