Density Test Questions with Answers

Censorship of Print Media is Wrong Essay - 840 Words

Censorship of Print Media is Wrong The printed media is undeniably a very powerful source used to communicate. It can be used for bad as well as good purposes. It can be used to inform the world of important events, or to publish pornography and mindless tabloids. Should the government be allowed to regulate what people can and cannot publish? Newspapers and forms of reading material are one of the largest forms of news that we use today. Every morning people can get out of bed, walk outside and pick up a piece of paper that informs them of important events that are occurring though out the world. However there is some published information that we never hear about. The U.S. government as well as several private distributors of†¦show more content†¦There is a problem with what the government is trying to do. They are taking away our personal liberties. According to the constitution, being free to do something means you have the irrevocable right to do so. I believe that we should have the right to free speech as long as it does not infringe upon the personal rights of individuals or groups. We should protect all types of people and cultures from the harms of others printed disapproval of them, but we should not withhold information that takes away from the rights of free speech and irrevocable power given to the media. It is fair to say that profanity should not be tolerated in free speech. Newspapers and magazines do prohibit these forms of language. This is unbiased because information can still be expressed without this form of language present. Allowing it would only promote hostility among those who are offended by its use. Censorship remains to be the traditional response for any group that finds itself offended at anothers message or creative indulgence. The argument that the media should be able decide what will and will not be disseminated due to their goal of abiding by the public interest is both uninforming and dangerous. 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Modern media coverage - the main means of mass communication - gives us news from around the globe, allowing us to develop an informed understanding of the world and its issues. Armed Conflict and tension between the world’s countries has only become more vehement, which has lead to an onslaught of media coverage, orchestrated by countries on either side of the conflicts, as well as countriesRead MoreA Brief Note On Journalism And The Society Essay1716 Words   |  7 Pagesis considered hard news while latest fashion trends and celebrity gossip is soft news. a. MEDIA CONVERGENCE News is distributed via various platforms such as print media which includes newspapers, electronic media such as Television and radio, and digital media such as the internet. The dissemination of news has drastically changed over the years especially because of the emergence of media convergence. Media convergence is the assimilation of different mediums to communicate effectively. 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Cmrj 302 Should Juvenile Be Tried as Adults Free Essays

Since the beginning of human time there have been sins, delinquent actions, crimes, and with all of this, punishment for those actions. From Cain and Able until today, the 21st Century, we still deal with these problems. And what’s worse is that now it is the children who are committing these crimes. We will write a custom essay sample on Cmrj 302 Should Juvenile Be Tried as Adults or any similar topic only for you Order Now Our, so called, future of tomorrow. The next generation of this country. Throughout recorded time, juvenile delinquency has been the very biggest issue to tackle. In the 15th century, the parens patriae concept was common and described parental care by the state or guardian of the community. Children were property and punishment was delivered from the family and/or public punishment dealt by the village and in public. The juvenile justice system in the 19th Century adopted the parens patriae concept and provided the legal structure for the juvenile court system. In the late 1800’s reform schools were created and started, where reform was the main ideological theory, to instill in delinquent children; principals and morals to attempt to stray they away from future crime. Today, we still have trouble determining whether or not to try juveniles as adults, how to punish them, what works and what doesn’t. When a juvenile kills, do they instantly become an adult? Do they maintain some kind of innocence of childhood, despite the severity of their actions? These are the plaguing questions in our American judicial system today. The violent acts of juvenile offenders continue to make headlines and are becoming more violent and unfortunately more frequently. So today, the question is, should juvenile be tried as adults? Yes. Yes, I believe that juveniles should be tried as adults. However, I also believe there should be a few exceptions. This is not really a black and white issue. Exceptions should be put into place regarding, what type of crimes, age of the offender and what kind of punishments should be issued. This is what I will attempt to explain. The criminal justice system serves two primary functions: protecting society and providing retribution or punishment for a crime to achieve the value of justice or fairness. Concerning the protection of society from violent or even not violent offenders, the judge can ensure an appropriate penalty without having to try someone as a juvenile. I believe that juveniles can and should be tried as adults. The judge and/or the jury can take the defendant’s age into consideration while deliberating and determining a suitable penalty for their crimes. The defendant’s attorney can make a legitimate argument in their defense based on their age, maturity and mental abilities or state of mind because age is not always the best indicator of maturity or personal accountability. This can ensure each case is evaluated individually not based on standards or common practice, but on an individual basis and attention which is what each case deserves. Jeb Bush, Governor of Florida said in (2001) after a 14-year-old juvenile was found guilty for killing his English teacher; â€Å"There is a different standard for children, there should be some sensitivity that a 14-year-old is not a little adult. † To this quote I have to disagree. All but five states allow children of any age charged with murder to be tried as adults. The death penalty generally not an option, at least not for defendants under the age of 16 since the U. S. Supreme Court has ruled capital punishment unconstitutional. In fact, it was only in 2005, in Roper vs. Simmons , that the Supreme Court finally ruled the juvenile death penalty was unconstitutional. In arguing, the text describes a paradigm that informs legal reasoning in US law and specifically the Eighth Amendment’s barring of cruel and unusual punishment for anyone who hasn’t celebrated their 16th birthday. Some states, however, will consider 16 year olds and 17 year olds for the death penalty (Reaves, J. Time Magazine, (2001), Should the Law Treat Kids and Adults Differently? ). Additionally, two cases are currently before the Supreme Court that affords our nation the opportunity to right this wrong and join the modern world. Sullivan vs. Florida and Graham vs. Florida will require the Supreme Court to rule on whether life sentences for juveniles that preclude the possibility of parole are, in fact, constitutional. Additionally, in most states, a juvenile offender must be at least 16-years-old to be eligible for waiver to adult court. But, in a number of states, minors as young as 13 could be subjected to a waiver petition. And a few states allow children of any age to be tried as adults for certain types of crimes, such as homicide or armed robbery. Many states have laws that do not allow juvenile courts to take cases involving very serious or violent crimes, such as murder or armed robbery. Generally, juveniles are charged with delinquent acts, not crimes. However, the nature of some offenses may result in a juvenile being charged with a crime in the regular court system. In these instances, the juvenile’s age does not matter. They will be tried in the adult criminal system, unless transferred o juvenile courts by the judge. The current trend among states is to lower the minimum age of eligibility for waiver into adult court. This is due in part to public perception that juvenile crime is on the rise, and offenders are getting younger. Factors that might lead a court to grant a waiver petition and transfer a juvenile case to adult court include: †¢The juvenile is charged with a particularl y serious offense. †¢The juvenile has a lengthy juvenile record. †¢The minor is older. †¢Past rehabilitation efforts for the juvenile have been unsuccessful. Youth services would have to work with the juvenile offender for a long time. (Michon, Kathleen, J. D. , (2011) When Juveniles Are Tried in Adult Criminal Court) All states now maintain a juvenile code, or set of laws relating specifically to juveniles. The state codes regulate a variety of concerns, including the acts and circumstances that bring juveniles within the jurisdiction of the juvenile court, the procedures for juvenile courts, the rights of juveniles, and the range of judicial responses to misconduct or to the need for services. Steinberg, Laurence, (2000) Should Juvenile Offenders Be Tried As Adults? A Developmental Perspective on Changing Legal Policies). The basic framework created by the first juvenile court act is largely intact and that rehabilitation, not punishment, remains the aim of the juvenile justice system, and juvenile courts still retain jurisdiction over a wide range of juveniles. (Retrieved from: http://law. jrank. org/pages/7958/Juvenile-Law-Modern-Juve nile-Law). The most notable difference between the original model and current juvenile law is that juveniles now have more procedural rights in court. In re Gault, 387 U. S. 1 (1967), the United States Supreme Court established that children under the fourteenth amendment accused of crimes in a delinquency proceeding must be given many of the same due process rights as adults such as the right to timely notification of charges, the right to confront witnesses, the right against self-incrimination, and the right to counsel. These rights also include the right to an attorney and the right to be free from self incrimination. These are rights given to adults and now to juveniles. Juveniles are committing the same crimes as adults, have the same rights as adults and also need to be tried as adults. Despite the input of these experts on the juvenile justice system, there are thousands of children who are automatically transferred to adult criminal court due to the change in the laws over the past few years. In a report released by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (1998) titled Juvenile Felony Defendants in Criminal Courts, states that â€Å"an estimated 7,100 juvenile defendants were charged with felonies in adult criminal court in 1998†, and that in these criminal courts, â€Å"juveniles were more likely than adults to be charged with a violent felony† with juveniles occupying 64% of the felony charges in stark contrast with the adults who occupy 24% of those charges (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2009). That report also states that showed that â€Å"transferring juveniles to adult court is not an effective deterrent of further criminal activity† (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2009). I completely disagree, juveniles would be better off tried in criminal courts and sentenced than to be tried in juvenile courts, and sentenced to rehabilitation. In the words of Pete Wilson, former Governor of California, â€Å"young offenders know they can laugh off the token punishment of our current juvenile justice system, they commit more and increasingly brutal crime. That’s unacceptable†¦We must make clear to the violent youthful offenders, ones who just don’t want to be saved, that California will not tolerate their depravity. It will replace slaps on the wrist with the slapping on of handcuffs†¦and will impose adult time for adult crime. † (retrieved from: www. voterdigest. com/yes-on-21). This is the kind of attitude and foresight that we need. In this day in age juveniles, even those younger than 14-years-old know that in this generation, the law can’t touch them and that most likely they will only get a slap on the wrist for the first offence or house arrest at best. Murder by juvenile delinquents is rising in leaps and bounds and the justice system is giving them light sentences if any at all. What about the victim(s) and their family(s)? What about the police putting their lives in jeopardy every single day that arrest these children and before the ink is dry on the paper the children are walking down the front steps of the police station with those smirks and grins on their faces! As the quote goes, ‘You do the crime, you pay the time. ‘ There is ample evidence, therefore, to raise concerns regarding the ompetence of juveniles under age 15 to participate in criminal trials. Although the majority of 13 year-olds would likely meet the minimal competence criteria even at age 15, a significant fraction of adolescents should not be assumed competent to protect their own interests in adversarial legal settings. If an adolescent does not have the understanding, appreciation, or reasoning ability necessary to make such decisions, criminal court is an inappropriate venue for determining that adolescent’s disposition. Steinberg, Laurence, (2000) Should Juvenile Offenders Be Tried As Adults? A Developmental Perspective on Changing Legal Policies). Although I may believe that juveniles should be tried as adults, however, no juvenile under the age of 13 should be tried in an adult court. The adult justice system presumes that defendants who are found guilty are responsible for their own actions, and should be held accountable and punished accordingly. Historically, those who are guilty but less responsible for their actions receive proportionately less punishment. It is therefore worth considering whether, because of the relative immaturity of minors, it may be justified to view them as being less blameworthy than adults for the very same infractions – that is, whether developmental immaturity should be viewed as a relevant mitigating factor. Children as young as nine have the capacity for intentional behavior and do know the difference between right and wrong; as such, there is no reason why children of this age must unequivocally be held blameless for their conduct. At the same time, it is also clear that the vast majority of individuals younger than 13-years-old do lack certain intellectual and psychosocial capabilities that need to be present in order to hold someone fully accountable for his or her actions. These circumstances include situations that call for logical decision-making, situations in which the ultimate consequences of one’s actions are not evident unless one has actually tried to foresee them, and situations in which sound judgment may be compromised by competing stimuli, such as very strong peer pressure to violate the law. Once individuals have reached a certain age, about 17 or so, it is reasonable to expect that they possess the intellectual and psychosocial capacities that permit the exercise of good judgment, even under difficult circumstances. Thus, while pressure from one’s friends to violate the law may be a reasonable mitigating factor in the case of a 12-year-old juvenile, it is unlikely to be so in the case of a 17-year-old juvenile. When the individual under consideration is younger than 17, however, developmentally normative immaturity should be added to the list of possible mitigating factors, along with the more typical ones of self-defense, mental state, and extenuating circumstances. Finally, the choice of trying a juvenile offender in adult court versus juvenile court determines the possible outcomes of the adjudication. In adult court, the outcome of being found guilty of a serious crime is nearly always some sort of punishment; about 80% of juveniles who are convicted in criminal court are incarcerated. In juvenile court, the outcome of being found delinquent may be some sort of punishment, but juvenile courts typically retain the option of a rehabilitative disposition, in and of itself or in combination with some sort of punishment. In essence, the juvenile court operates under the presumption that offenders are immature. (Steinberg, Laurence, (2000) Should Juvenile Offenders Be Tried As Adults? A Developmental Perspective on Changing Legal Policies). Juveniles tried as an adult and can face the same penalties as adults, including life without parole. If convicted, juveniles will have an adult criminal record which can significantly affect future education and employment opportunities. Furthermore, an adult conviction can also result in the loss of rights, including the right to vote and right to own a firearm. (Lamance, Ken (2011) Juvenile Tried as an Adult). If a juvenile is convicted of certain sex offenses, he may be required to register as a sex offender for the rest of his life, regardless of his age at the time of conviction. In some states which automatically seal a juvenile’s record once he passes a certain age, that record may remain unsealed if the defendant is convicted of an adult offense before he reaches that age (Retrieved from: http://www. expertlaw. com/library/criminal/juvenile_law). The following are Common Juvenile Rights questions: Can a child receive capital punishment for a crime committed as juvenile? The United States Supreme Court in the case of Roper v. Simmons, 543 U. S. 551 (2005), stated that it is unconstitutional to impose capital punishment for crimes committed while under the age of 18. The Courts 5-4 decision overruled the Court’s prior ruling upholding such sentences on offenders above or at the age of 16, in Stanford v. Kentucky, 492 U. S. 361 (1989), overturning statutes in 25 states that had the penalty set lower (Retrieved from: http://www. topjuveniledefender. com/juvenile_rights). Can a child receive life in prison without the possibility of parole for a non-homicide crime? In 2010, the United States Supreme Court in the case of Graham v. Florida ruled that children cannot be sentenced to life imprisonment without parole for non-homicide offenses. The U. S. Supreme Court decided whether Roper v. Simmons which had abolished the death penalty for juvenile offenders should also apply to sentences without the possibility of parole for children. Justice Kennedy stated, â€Å"The constitution prohibits the imposition of a life without parole sentence on a juvenile offender who did not commit a homicide. A state need not guarantee the offender eventual release, but if it imposes a sentence of life it must provide him or her with some realistic opportunity to obtain release before the end of that term. . . (Retrieved from: http://www. topjuveniledefender. com/juvenile_rights) Can a child receive a life sentence? Yes. If a child is prosecuted as an adult, he or she can receive a life sentence if convicted certain qualifying crimes. However, if a child is prosecuted in juvenile court, he or she can receive a sentence commonly called â€Å"juvenile life† that carries life but will be incarcerated only until the age of 25 years of age at the Department of Juvenile Justice (formerly the California Youth Authority. ) (Retrieved from: http://www. topjuveniledefender. om/juvenile_rights) The end result of a heinous crime remains the same, no matter who commits it. Our justice system depends upon holding perpetrators responsible for their actions. Harsh sentencing acts as a deterrent to kids who are considering committing crimes. Trying children as adults has coincided with lower rates of juvenile crimes. Light sentences don’t teach kids the lesson they need to learn: If you commit a terrible crime, you will spend a considerable part of your life in jail. (Reaves, J. Time Magazine, (2001) Should the Law Treat Kids and Adults Differently? Kids today are more sophisticated at a younger age; they understand the implications of violence and how to use violent weapons. It is absurd to argue that a modern child, who sees the effect of violence around him in the news every day, doesn’t understand what kill ing really is. The fact that child killers know how to load and shoot a gun is an indicator that they understand exactly what they’re doing. (Time Magazine, (2001) Should the Law Treat Kids and Adults Differently? ). I’ll end with a quote from Fredrick Douglas, â€Å"It is easier to build strong children then to repair broken men! † How to cite Cmrj 302 Should Juvenile Be Tried as Adults, Essay examples

Techno Tools

Questions: 1. Like many technology companies, TechnoTools operates in an environment of increasing prices. It uses a periodic inventory system. Its reported profits will tend to be highest if it accounts for inventory using the: a. FIFO method. b. LIFO method. c. Weighted average cost method. 2. CROCO S.P.A. sells an intangible asset with a historical acquisition cost of 12 million and accumulated amortisation of 2 million and reports a gain on disposal of the asset of 3.2 million. Which of the following amounts is most likely the sale price of the asset? a. 13.2 million b. 3.8 million c. 15.2 million 3. An analyst is studying the impairment of the manufacturing equipment of WLP Corp.,a U.K.- based corporation that follows IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards). He gathers the following data on the equipment: Fair value 16,800,000; Costs to sell 800,000; Value in use 14,500,000; Net carrying amount 19,100,000. The amount of the impairment loss on WLP Corp.s income statement related to its manufacturing equipment is closest to: a. 2,300,000. b. 3,100,000. c. 4,600,000. 4. In order to identify possible overstatement of expenses connected to income smoothing, an analyst would most likely be on the look-out for: a. A material increase in expected useful life. b. A material reduction in expected useful life. c. An increased residual value. 5. For the year ending 31 December 2014, Flamingo Products had net income of $1,000,000. At 1 January 2014, there were 1,000,000 shares outstanding. On 1 July 2014, the company issued 100,000 new shares for $20 per share. The company declared $200,000 in dividends to common shareholders in 2014. What is Flamingos basic earnings per share for 2014? a. $0.80 b. $0.91 c. $0.95. Answers: Solution -1: FIFO method is the correct answer for the situations where business operates in the environment of high prices. When a business runs in the environment of surging prices, the latest inventory in the stock will be brought at higher price but as the price are constantly going up, same inventory will sell at higher prices than it was bought. We understand that rise is quick whereas fall of price is gradual and slow. For example, the price of a commodity may rise suddenly in market but it takes to slow down and come normal. Using FIFO method, will result to compensate for the high priced paid for purchasing the inventory and also yield good profits when it is sold at high price. Option a is the correct answer-FIFO method Solution -2: Historical cost of the asset = 12 million and there is accumulated amortization of 2 million and asset is reported to be sold at profit of 3.8 million. Lets go by the formula for calculating the gain or loss. Gain or loss on the sale of asset= Sale proceeds carrying cost -Sale proceeds + carrying cost= - Gain or loss on the sale of asset Cancelling minus (negative) from both the sides, Sale proceeds-carrying cost= Gain or loss on the sale of asset Or in other words Sale proceeds= carrying cost + Gain or loss on the sale of asset Applying the formula in our question: Sale proceeds= (Historical cost- Accumulated amortization) + Gain or (loss)* on the sale of asset. *amount will be in negative in case of loss. Sale proceeds= (12million-2 million) + 3.8 million =10 million +3.8 million =13.8 million. Option a is the correct answer-13.8 million. Solution -3: Impairment refers to the sudden fall or decrease in the value of the asset. There can be any reason for such downfall like asset become outdated or got damaged. Somehow, there is still some recoverable value that come as proceeds if the asset is sold. Impairment=maximum among the recoverable amount* and value in use** minus net carrying amount*** *Recoverable amount= Fair value of the asset-cost to sell For our question, Recoverable amount = 16,800,000 - 800,000 = 16,000,000 **Given in our question value in use= 14,500,000 and ***net carrying cost=19,100,000. So maximum among the recoverable amount* and value in use** is 16,000,000. Thus, Impairment= 16,000,000 - 19,100,000 =-3,100,000. Option b is the correct answer--3,100,000. Solution -4: Some companies are involved in the practice of using the accounting techniques to level out net income fluctuations from one period to another. In order to identify possible overstatement of expenses connected to income smoothing, best possible solution would be to look at the material increase in the expected useful life because with the increase in useful life, there is decrease in the depreciation rate and also there is increase in the income. This practice help the companies to earn good value on their consistent shares as investor have believe in the consistent earnings of the company. Option a is the correct answer- A material increase in expected useful life. Solution -5: Since dividends oncommon stock they are not expenses, they are not reported on income statement. Although dividend on preferred stock are not expenses but for the purpose of reporting the earnings available for common stock, it will be deducted from net income. Earnings per share =Net Income-Dividends on preferred stock Average outstanding shares Net Income as per question = $1,000,000 The company declared $200,000 in dividends to common shareholders in 2014 .As stated earlier, there is no effect of declaration and payment of cash dividend on common stock, and it implies that $200,000 is add-on profit for the company. T Therefore, net income =$1,000,000 + $200,000=$1,200,000 There is no info on dividend on preferred stock so we assume it to be zero. At 1 January 2014, there were 1,000,000 shares outstanding and on 1 July 2014, the company issued 100,000 new shares for $20 per share making total of outstanding shares= 1,000,000+2,000,000=making sum of outstanding shares= 1,000,000+2,000,000=3,000,000 and average of outstanding shares=3,000,000/2=1,500,000. Earnings per share =Net Income-Dividends on preferred stock Average outstanding shares = $1,200,000-$0 1,500,000 = $1,200,000 1,500,000 =$0.80 Option a is the correct answer $.80